Nursing Theories Essay - 728 Words

Five Stages of Nursing Theory and Philosophy NU 500 UNIT 1 June 6, 2012 Jeanne Greer, RN Saint Josephs University Five Stages of Nursing Theory and Philosophy Nursing has made phenomenal achievement in the last century that has led to the recognition of nursing as an academic discipline and a profession. According to Fawcett (1980), a move towards theory-based practice has made nursing meaningful (p. 10). When talking about nursing theory development, it is important to identify the stages that nursing theory development has gone through to define and guide nursing practice. It is widely believed that the use of theory offers structure and organization to nursing knowledge. George (2002) defined theory as â€Å"a set†¦show more content†¦This stage focuses on the importance and need for nursing education. After World War II more hospitals were built which created a larger need for nurses thus creating a nursing shortage. In addition a mandatory licensure requirement and testing for nursing created the need for nursing education. This education created an interest and curiosity to understand nursing practice. The third stag e is subjective knowledge. This stage focuses on defining nursing and beginning to develop theories. In 1960’s, nurse leaders began to develop and publish their philosophy and view of nursing. These descriptions of nursing and nursing modes evolved from their personal, professional and educational experiences (McEwen amp;Wills 2007). The next stage is procedural knowledge. Procedural knowledge includes both separate and connected knowledge with difficulty attaching theory to practice. In 1970 the nursing profession viewed itself as a scientific discipline evolving toward a theoretically based practice focusing on the client. During this time many nursing theorists such as Orem, King, and Neuman published their beliefs and ideas. These theorists were often idealists and nurses had a difficult time applying their theories to what was actually happening in practice (McEwen amp;Wills 2007). The last stage is constructed knowledge which integrates intuition, reason and self k nowledge with a shift from all encompassingShow MoreRelatedNursing Theories Of The Nursing Theory1398 Words   |  6 PagesNursing theories provide a foundation for nurses to professionally base their judgment of care. Florence Nightingale was one of the first nursing theorists. Theories composed by Nightingale were comprised of practice-based theories and environmental theories. Nightingale’s environmental theory is composed of 13 cannons which are fundamental to her theory. Nightingale’s theories continue to be used by present day nurses and nursing students. Theories are incorporated into nursing students’ educationRead MoreNursing Theories And Theories Of Nursing3078 Words   |  13 Pages Patricia Benner Nursing Theorist Group Five Beth-El College of Nursing and Health Sciences University of Colorado Colorado Springs NURS 3040: Foundations of Nursing Patricia Benner Nursing Theorist Theory, what is a theory? According to Blais Hayes, (2011) â€Å"A theory is a supposition or idea that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon. Theories differ in their scope and have been categorized in different ways. One of those categorizations schemes divide them into categories accordingRead MoreTheories And Theories Of Nursing Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesMcEwin and Ellis, theory in nursing â€Å"offers structure and organization to nursing knowledge and provides a systematic means of collecting data to describe, explain, and predict nursing practice† (McEwen Wills, 2014, p. 25). Theories in nursing are what distinguish it from other professions and help to create professional boundaries (McEwen Wills, 2014)Click and drag to move. When theories are applied in the nursing process, there are various concepts from the respective theory that are introducedRead MoreThe Theory Of Nursing Theory812 Words   |  4 PagesTheory is the backbone to nursing as it gives n urses a framework and an idea of what they do and, most importantly, why they do it. Nursing theory means many different things to people and to only give credit to one definition would not be fair. Therefore, the definition of theory alone is, â€Å"the doctrine or principles underlying an art as distinguished from the practice of that particular art† (Theory, n.d). This definition is particularly useful because nursing is an art as well as a scienceRead MoreThe Theory Of Nursing Theory1417 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Theory There are many ideas about theory in nursing. The definition of nursing theory is a group of concepts that can be tested, changed or used to guide research (McEwen Willis, 2014). This writer was exposed to theory in under-graduate classes and understands the importance of theory to her nursing practice. This paper will review the importance of nursing theory. It will also focus on Patricia Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory. Importance of Theory Many nurse theorists haveRead MoreNursing Theory : Application Of Nursing Theories4442 Words   |  18 PagesRunning head: NURSING THEORIES 1 APPLICATION OF NURSING THEORIES 2 Application of Nursing Theories Beatrice Mitchell MSN6003 ? Professional Nursing Practice Framework, Scope, and Role Unit 4 ? Assignment 1 8/7/16 Rhonda Hendricks Capella University Application of Nursing Theories Florence Nightingale and four nursing theorists are listed and analyzed in the taxonomy table in part I. A comprehensive summary of the nursing theories and a reflection on how each theory relates to theRead MoreNursing Theory1516 Words   |  7 PagesApplication of Theory DeepaK USF NR 501 Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing Practice Nursing Theories In nursing there are theories that determine how the profession is going to be handled. Scholars and other practitioners of medicines have proved these theories. In our case we will be looking how these theories are applicable in the entire world of nursing medicine. What are nursing theories? Nursing theories are theories that describeRead MoreNursing Theories684 Words   |  3 PagesA grand theory in nursing would be Doretha Orem’s self care theory. This theory encompasses the entire concept of nursing in the fact that it states individuals will strive to meet healthcare needs to maintain health and wellness. This is very broad, can not be tested and is used in a variety of settings and populations. Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory is that all patients want to care for themselves, and they are able to recover more quickly and holistically by performing their own self-careRead MoreNursing Theory1224 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of Theory Paper THE ROY ADAPTATAION MODEL Kandace Wood Chamberlain College of Nursing Course Number: N501 March 2015 Introduction: Theories and models despite not being synonymous are used interchangeably in nursing. In general a theory is considered to be a speculative statement that is concerned with some elements of reality that are not yet proven. There are a number of theories in the field of nursing also which are used toRead MoreNursing Theory And The Field Of Nursing1370 Words   |  6 PagesNursing theories are not a new concept in the field of nursing or health care in general. An extremely well known nursing theorist is Florence Nightingale, but there are other theorists who have also contributed to the field of nursing. A theory is defined as â€Å"an integrated set of defined concepts and statements that present a view of a phenomenon and can be used to describe, explain, predict, and control that phenomenon† (Burns Grove, 2011, p. 228). A theory can be applied to any field, especially

The Ideas Of Sexuality And Gender - 1676 Words

This essay will discuss the ideas of sexuality and gender in Bram Stokers Dracula with comparative analysis of Robert Louis-Stevenson s Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and it s ideas of doubling. While drawing from questions raised in Christopher Crafts essay Kiss me with those red lips on the dual inverted nature of vampirism. It will answer these questions of do we have penetrators or orfices? What are the relations between blood and semen, blood and milk? While ultimately coming to a conclusion of what it means to be male or female To classify as male or female has been a constant and controversial debate throughout history particularly during the Victorian period in which these Gothic texts were produced. This enduring question of sexuality can appear simple on the face of things but to categorize these genders in relation too physical appearance and internal emotions, externals behaviours and social expectations can lead to misalignments between the physical self and internal self. The ambivalent nature of the mouth as either female or male is the starting point for such a discussion of sexuality when applied to vampirism. Christopher Craft asks do we have orifices or penetrators which is an obvious dichotomy between male and female genitals but the sexual piercing of the neck from teeth is a clearly penetrative act which in itself largely belongs to females in the text, as the piercing of one male to another is too homoerotic giving the time Bram Stoker was writing in. ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Search For Oneà ¢â‚¬â„¢S Purpose And Identity In The World1421 Words   |  6 Pagesof people, such as race, gender, class, sexuality, etc.--exist to avoid social anxiety. The problem lies not just with the existence of stereotypes, but the seemingly blind consent to follow. To combat the invalid views of groups that today’s society use as a social crutch, authors, such as Gloria Naylor, Robert Max Johnson, Rosario Morales and others, attempt to expose the discrimination and stereotypes that target sexuality and gender. Sexuality and gender may appear as the same topic;Read MoreAnalysis Of Allen Ginsberg s Howl And 1661 Words   |  7 Pagesdisputed capitalism and conformity that notably consisted of sexual repression, so he incorporated in the development of counterculture and challenged the heteronormative, procreation-driven society and was done with living at society’s limits. The idea of beat literature has a capricious form, although, also considers the customary narration techniques, and indeed masculinist and heterosexist prospects. The Beat generation indicates an individual that has been put down, or has been oppressed aroundRead More The Social Construction of Gender and Sexuality Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pagesexemplifies the definition of gender as a concept; gender is the expectations of a sex according to the culture of society. Sexuality, within this definition of gender, reflects society’s expectations, which are created in relation to the opposite sex. The varianc es between cultures means that gender expectations change within different cultures. These expectations put pressure on each member of society to conform and abide by the folkways of their own culture. The creation of gender expectations by societyRead MoreGender And Sexuality : Article On Sexualised Insult Fag By American Teenage Boys1626 Words   |  7 PagesBoth terms ‘gender’ and ‘sexuality’ are very common, broad and the meaning of it differs from person to person. Eugenically the term ‘gender’ is defined to have socially composed roles, activities, behaviours, and peculiarity that a given society considers right for men and women (WHO, 2015). Whereas the term ‘sexuality’ has various meanings, it is described as feeling or having attraction or having sexual thoughts and preferences towards same sex or opposite sex (reachout.com, 2015). This essayRead MoreHuman Nature : Gender System Is Established On A Basis Of Our Own Stan dards875 Words   |  4 PagesIn the U.S. the gender system is established on a basis of our own standards. â€Å"The paradox of human nature is that it is always a manifestation of cultural meanings, social relationships, and power politics; not biology, but culture, becomes destiny† (Lorber 117). We do not picture males and females based on their genitalia, but rather the way that people express their gender identity. No matter someone’s personal identification, the greater society will â€Å"do gender† and categorize them anyway. TheRead MoreSexuality And Gender : Social Constructs Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesSexuality and Gender are social constructs. They are more like fluid concepts. Both are on spectrums. Why could they be considered controversial topics, more specifically the spectrum? Well, the idea of sexuality being more than just heterosexuality has been challenged by conservative types and others alike for years. They may even deem anything other than heterosexuality as something abnormal and immoral. For some, it can be quite difficult to understand that sexuality is on a spectrum. EspeciallyRead MoreGender and Postmodern1508 Words   |  7 Pageson ‘Gender’ through comparison and contrast of the views of authorities who are postmodern practitioners† Introduction Defining postmodernism as well as gender is an extremely difficult task if not impossible. This essay is an argument on the two postmodernist’s concept on ‘Gender’. This essay argues posing foucauldian postmodernism of Judith Butler against Baudrillardean post modernism of Arthur and Marilouse Kroker with analysis on both their ideas on gender including sex and sexuality. ThisRead MoreSummary Of Beyond Caring : The Demoralization Of Gender1051 Words   |  5 PagesIn her article, â€Å"Beyond Caring: The Demoralization of Gender†, Friedman states that the difference in moral reasoning between genders is because of the difference in primary moral forms of commitment which structure moral thought. According to Friedman, there are two types of primary moral commitments; the first is commitment to a particular person and the second is commitment to abstract principles, values, and rules. Commitment to a particular person involves focusing on one person, being responsiveRead MoreWomen s Gender And Gender Roles955 Words   |  4 PagesIn terms of the heterosexual majority, respectability applied deeply to women and their gender roles as wives, because it was the way to distinguish between good and oversexed women (Kushner 9/25/15). The characteristics of women consisted of being pious, pure and religious, as they were the moral superiors to men (Kushner, 9/25/15). This moral superiority linked to the idea that Cott presents of female passionlessness, which was the result of subsequent lack of sexual aggressiveness (Cott 1987:Read MoreThe Social Construction Of Heterosexuality1250 Words   |  5 Pagesnotions of gender roles portrayed by masculine and feminine traits, from section four of Composing Gender â€Å"How Do We Define Sexuality†? The idea that one individual can â€Å"feel† masculine or â€Å"feel† feminine does not make them a male or female. â€Å"Throughout Composing Gender, many readings refer to sexuality as an inevitable part of gender construction, several authors use the terms â€Å"heteronormative† and compulsory heterosexuality† to describe a social structure in which the expression of sexuality is seen

Disney and Acts of True Love Essay Example For Students

Disney and Acts of True Love Essay Walt Disney films are known for the idea that true love heals all, but what exactly is â€Å"true love. † Merriam-Webster says its â€Å"one truly beloved or loving: a sweetheart. † For many years Disney depicted true love as a damsel in distress waiting for her prince charming to come to her rescue and reverse the evil in her life with â€Å"true love’s first kiss,† with movies Sleeping Beauty and the classical Cinderella. Don’t get me wrong, movies like Mulan and The Lion King showed acts of love through family. But the newest Disney film, Frozen, shows how the same evil of the past movies can be broken by the true love of a family member. If you take two Disney stories like the classic, Cinderella, and the newest edition, Frozen, you’ll see that Disney stays true to the theory of true love being the cure to all evil. In Cinderella her new poverty-filled lifestyle is overcome when she falls in love with and marries Prince Charming. In the film Frozen, Anna’s frozen heart is only melted when her sister sacrifices herself with an act of true love. We will write a custom essay on Disney and Acts of True Love specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now These movies along with most Disney movies are alike in the sense that there is an ultimate evil that needs to be eliminated. These evils eventually make it so the main characters Cinderella, Elsa, and Anna are locked away from the rest of their community. The movie’s â€Å"villains† are characters disguised as someone the audience would think would be someone with love for the main character. In reality the evil acts they commit are only for self-gratification. In all Disney movies there’s a â€Å"Happily Ever After,† and the good guy wins. But even when giving the opportunity to be evil back, Cinderella and Elsa choose not to. They choose to stay loving and let everyone live a happy ever after alongside with them. In both of these movies the main characters are faced with the tragedy of losing their parents, as in most Disney films; and at that moment the childish feel of the movies disappears. The characters start to deal with adversity and they are giving to choice: give up and let all their suffering be for nothing or to keep going and keep hope alive. The theme â€Å"anything can happen if you just believe† is depicted in almost every Disney film. In Cinderella when she meets her fairy godmother she learns that all you need is a plan and goal and everything will be okay. Despite the fact she was forbidden to go to the ball and even if she could go she had nothing to wear, she believed in her fairy godmother and a way was made. While in Frozen the snowman Olaf has a dream of experiencing summer. Even though he is made of snow, he isn’t aware that heat would make him melt but even after he experiences heat he still believes he could experience summer. He fights along Anna the whole movie to end winter and in return Elsa gives him his own personal snow cloud during the summer so he can have his experience. Another obvious similarity in these two Disney films, along with others, is the act of personification. In Frozen the trolls and of course the snowman, Olaf, are given human characteristics and seem to have better morals than the actual humans. In Cinderella, when her fairy godmother changes the rats to the horse and the pumpkins to the carriage, she gave them the life of another living object. These things having life help the characters achieve there end goal. Now although it seems the two movies have the same concepts they are played out in two different ways. In Cinderella true love was with a man. The king held a ball to help his son find a bride. This made all the women be in competition to be the most beautiful. All women desired to wear sparkly clothing and have the best ball gown. Cinderella and Prince Charming feel in love after one night of spending time together without even knowing each other’s names. Prince Charming then went on a hunt to find his Mrs. ight. All the women were in competition again to squeeze into the show. The movie shows how women weren’t supposed to get along not even sisters. The two stepsister even competed with each-other and they were biological sisters. Although Cinderella was a beautiful story the happily ever after was only for Cinderella herself, it wasn’t for the good of her kingdom. The story teaches good lesso ns to achieve self-gratification without hurting others. On the other hand Frozen approached the happily ever after under different means. True love was from a family member. .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12 , .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12 .postImageUrl , .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12 , .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12:hover , .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12:visited , .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12:active { border:0!important; } .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12:active , .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12 .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u965e477e398ff5335d47a31cbb1a4e12:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hamlet's Love for Ophelia EssayAnna and Hans’ marriage was arranged after their very first night meeting, there was no love. Throughout the movie the sisters empowered each other and stuck together because they were all they had. The women were the adventurous ones in this movie, as Anna became fearless and trooped out to find her sister to save the day. In this movie nobody was concerned with a big glamorous ball gown. Anna wore hiking gear and wanted to get down and dirty to help her town. In this movie every act was selfless and they ultimately learned that no one was an island, that everyone needed someone. I think the differences of these movies reflect the time period in which they were written in. In the 50’s when Cinderella was written, women were worried about finding a husband and living the American dream. Men ran the world back in those days, while today women are starting to speak up. We live in a more feminist society, so the movie Frozen depicts women empowerment. It’s even being called Disney’s first feminist movie. In my opinion true love isn’t definable. True love is different to every person. Love can come from someone you just met just as evil can come from someone you’ve known all your life.

Libel And Invasion Of Privacy Essays - Bullying, Censorship, Crimes

Libel And Invasion Of Privacy Libel and invasion of privacy Libel and invasion of privacy are two very important issues dealing with broadcast media. The two are very similar but different from each. Libel deals more with what was actually printed or broadcast, where as invasion of privacy deals with how the information was actually gathered. Both have laws to regulate and influence what kind of information is gathered and, how it is actually obtained Libel simply is defamation of character by published word, the publishing of falsities to hurt a person's reputation or standing. However, now it is not limited to only printed word as in newspapers or magazines. Slander, which is defined as defamation of character by spoken word is now portrayed as a form of libel because of the abundance and power the broadcast spoken word can have as in radio and television. However, libel has a much stronger penalty than that of slander because print is seen to have a much more long lasting effect, and once something is on paper you cant take it back. On the other hand, with tape recordings and the fact that any spoken defamation can de saved and distributed, radio and TV most times fall in the libel category. Invasion of privacy in fact does have strong ties with that of libel. Though it does hurt a person or organization's character, it deals more with how the information is obtained. Simply stated privacy laws deal with a person's right to be left alone. There are more specifically four types of violation of someone's privacy. The first one is called intrusion, which is the actual physical violation of someone's privacy, as in trespassing to obtain information. The second is appropriation, which is commercial exploitation of a person's image or likeness with out consent. Thirdly is false light, portrays someone in false light or gives false pretences. Lastly is information on private facts, that are actually true but private, and that will severely embarrass or hurt someone's reputation. Through these definitions and specifics on each, it is easy to see how both intertwine and are closely related. Now what we know what each is it is time to examine which of the two is a more serious concern. Personally, in understanding the two, I would have to say that libel is a more serious issue with broadcast media. To be more specific, the worst possible thing a journalist or media outlet can do is to ruin the character of a private person. That is to say it is a much more serious offense to publish false information about some one who is not in the public eye. Subsequently, it is much harder for a public figure to prove libel because he or she must prove actual malice, that the medium actually intended to hurt the person with these words. More over, I feel that libel is worse because it is the actual publishing or broadcasting of the information that can hurt a person and once it is published you cant take it back. However because of this, the idea of false light, private fact s and libel are very closely connected here. It's easy to see and understand the ideas of intrusion and appropriation. In fact many media slightly encourage their reporter to dig up dirt by either trespassing or sneaking around to get information, and as well to use a person's picture with out consent. However the two more serious of the privacy laws are very much like that of libel. To fully understand we much focus on these three aspects of the issue. Above all, it is the media's job to publish what is true. It is its job to give the audience news and that of truthful news. The most serious concern with the media is that what they reveal to the audience must be true because as a society we are greatly influenced by what we read, hear, and see through the press. This is why libel is more serious than privacy issues. Publishing false or inaccurate information directly is the biggest, and most devastating thing a journalist or media can do. That is the underlining factor of the two. Publishing private and true

Emperor Pedro II of Brazil

Emperor Pedro II of Brazil Emperor Pedro II of Brazil: Pedro II, of the House of Braganà §a, was Emperor of Brazil from 1841 to 1889. He was a fine ruler who did much for Brazil and held the nation together during chaotic times. He was an even-tempered, intelligent man who was generally respected by his people. The Empire of Brazil: In 1807 the Portuguese royal family, the House of Braganà §a, fled Europe just ahead of Napoleons troops. The ruler, Queen Maria, was mentally ill, and the decisions were made by Crown Prince Joo. Joo brought along his wife Carlota of Spain and his children, including a son who would eventually be Pedro I of Brazil. Pedro married Leopoldina of Austria in 1817. After Joo returned to claim the throne of Portugal after the defeat of Napoleon, Pedro I declared Brazil independent in 1822. Pedro and Leopoldina had four children survive into adulthood: the youngest, born on December 2, 1825, was also named Pedro and would become Pedro II of Brazil when crowned. Youth of Pedro II: Pedro lost both his parents at an early age. His mother died in 1829 when Pedro was only three. His father Pedro the elder returned to Portugal in 1831 when young Pedro was only five: Pedro the elder would die of tuberculosis in 1834. Young Pedro would have the best schooling and tutors available, including Josà © Bonifcio de Andrada, one of the leading Brazilian intellectuals of his generation. Apart from Bonifcio, the greatest influences on young Pedro were his beloved governess, Mariana de Verna, who he affectionately called â€Å"Dadama† and who was a surrogate mother to the young boy, and Rafael, an afro-Brazilian war veteran who had been a close friend of Pedro’s father. Unlike his father, whose exuberance precluded dedication to his studies, young Pedro was an excellent student. Regency and Coronation of Pedro II: Pedro the elder abdicated the throne of Brazil in favor of his son in 1831: Pedro the younger was only five years old. Brazil was ruled by a regency council until Pedro came of age. While young Pedro continued his studies, the nation threatened to fall apart. Liberals around the nation preferred a more democratic form of government and despised the fact that Brazil was ruled by an Emperor. Revolts broke out all over the country, including major outbreaks in Rio Grande do Sul in 1835 and again in 1842, Maranho in 1839 and So Paulo and Minas Gerais in 1842. The regency council was barely able to hold Brazil together long enough to be able to hand it over to Pedro. Things got so bad that Pedro was declared of age three and a half years ahead of time: he was sworn in as Emperor on July 23, 1840, at the age of fourteen, and officially crowned about a year later on July 18, 1841. Marriage to Teresa Cristina of the Kingdom of the two Sicilies: History repeated itself for Pedro: years before, his father had accepted marriage with Maria Leopoldina of Austria based on a flattering portrait only to be disappointed when she arrived to Brazil: the same thing happened to Pedro the younger, who agreed to marriage with Teresa Cristina of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies after seeing a painting of her. When she arrived, young Pedro was noticeably disappointed. Unlike his father, however, Pedro the younger always treated Teresa Cristina extremely well and never cheated on her. He came to love her: when she died after forty-six years of marriage, he was heartbroken. They had four children, of which two daughters lived into adulthood. Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil: Pedro was tested early and often as Emperor and consistently proved himself able to deal with his nation’s problems. He showed a firm hand with the continuing revolts in different parts of the country. Dictator of Argentina Juan Manuel de Rosas often encouraged dissension in southern Brazil, hoping to pry off a province or two to add to Argentina: Pedro responded by joining a coalition of rebellious Argentine states and Uruguay in 1852 which militarily deposed Rosas. Brazil saw many improvements during his reign, such as railways, water systems, paved roads and improved port facilities. A continued close relationship with Great Britain gave Brazil an important trading partner. Pedro and Brazilian Politics: His power as ruler was kept in check by an aristocratic Senate and en elected Chamber of Deputies: these legislative bodies controlled the nation, but Pedro held a vague poder moderador or moderation power: in other words, he could affect legislation already proposed, but could not initiate much of anything himself. He used his power judiciously, and the factions in the legislature were so contentious among themselves that Pedro was able to effectively wield much more power than he supposedly had. Pedro always put Brazil first, and his decisions were always made on what he thought was best for the country: even the most dedicated opponents of monarchy and Empire came to respect him personally. The War of the Triple Alliance: Pedro’s darkest hours came during the disastrous War of the Triple Alliance (1864-1870). Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay had been scrapping – militarily and diplomatically – over Uruguay for decades, while politicians and parties in Uruguay played their larger neighbors off against one another. In 1864, the war got more heated: Paraguay and Argentina went to war and Uruguayan agitators invaded southern Brazil. Brazil was soon sucked into the conflict, which eventually pitted Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil (the triple alliance) against Paraguay. Pedro made his greatest mistake as head of state in 1867 when Paraguay sued for peace and he refused: the war would drag on for three more years. Paraguay was eventually defeated, but at great cost to Brazil and her allies. As for Paraguay, the nation was completely devastated and took decades to recover. Slavery: Pedro II disapproved of slavery and worked hard to abolish it. It was a huge problem: in 1845, Brazil was home to about 7-8 million people: five million of them were slaves. Slavery was an important issue during his reign: Pedro and Brazils close allies the British opposed it (Britain even chased slaver ships into Brazilian ports) and the wealthy landowner class supported it. During the American Civil War, the Brazilian legislature quickly recognized the Confederate States of America, and after the war a group of southern slaveowners even relocated to Brazil. Pedro, stymied in his efforts to outlaw slavery, even set up a fund to buy freedom for slaves and once purchased the freedom of a slave on the street. Still, he managed to whittle away at it: in 1871 a law was passed which made children born to slaves free. Slavery was finally abolished in 1888: Pedro, in Milan at the time, was overjoyed. End of Pedros Reign and Legacy: In the 1880s the movement to make Brazil into a democracy gained momentum. Everyone, including his enemies, respected Pedro II himself: they hated the Empire, however, and wanted change. After the abolition of slavery, the nation became even more polarized. The military became involved, and in November of 1889, they stepped in and removed Pedro from power. He endured the insult of being confined to his palace for a time before being encouraged to go into exile: he left on November 24. He went to Portugal, where he lived in an apartment and was visited by a steady stream of friends and well-wishers until his death on December 5, 1891: he was only 66 but his long time in office (58 years) had aged him beyond his years. Pedro II was one of Brazils finest rulers. His dedication, honor, honesty and morality kept his growing nation on an even keel for over 50 years while other South American nations fell apart and warred with one another. Perhaps Pedro was such a good ruler because he had no taste for it: he frequently said that he would rather be a teacher than an emperor. He kept Brazil on the path to modernity, but with a conscience. He sacrificed much for his homeland, including his personal dreams and happiness. When he was deposed, he simply said that if the people of Brazil didnt want him as Emperor, he would leave, and thats just what he did - one suspects he sailed off with a bit of relief. When the new republic formed in 1889 had growing pains, the people of Brazil soon found they missed Pedro terribly. When he passed away in Europe, Brazil shut down in mourning for a week, even though there was no official holiday. Pedro is fondly remembered by Brazilians today, who have given him the nickname the Magnanimous. His remains, and those of Teresa Cristina, were returned to Brazil in 1921 to great fanfare. The people of Brazil, many of whom still remembered him, turned out in droves to welcome his remains home. He holds a position of honor as one of the most distinguished Brazilians in history. Sources: Adams, Jerome R. Latin American Heroes: Liberators and Patriots from 1500 to the Present. New York: Ballantine Books, 1991. Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 2000. Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present.. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962 Levine, Robert M. The History of Brazil. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

Just Some Bad Logic essays

Just Some Bad Logic essays The Battle For Medical Marijuana in The War on Drugs is an article written by William E. Stempsey debating over why the dispute against the legalization of medical marijuana is just bad logic. The article is clearly for the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes and gives several opinions on why opponents of this issue are incorrect with their arguments. Stempsey argues three main points in this article and I feel that all three contain fallacies. I oppose legalization for medicinal uses because I feel that it is just a cover for outright legalization. Many promoters deceitfully claim that their only goal is to help the seriously ill but there are legitimate prescription drugs out there that can already accomplish the same task. The issues of pain relief and legalization are distinct and separate. The nausea-relieving, appetite-stimulating properties of marijuana can be and is reproduced in pill form. On the other hand, taking those pills may not be as pleasant or as effective to a patient when compared to lighting up a joint. Stempsey claims that marijuanas medicinal effectiveness has been proven by the thousands of patients who have used it illegally. He then asks, Should it matter whether the relief of nausea and pain is the result of some scientifically proven direct chemical action of marijuana or is the result of a marijuana-induced euphoria? But then again, why should we subject such people to the more than 400 toxic chemicals found in street "pot"? Though the medical profession has not been as responsive as it should have been in relieving pain and other symptoms of those suffering from major diseases, that is no reason to leap to legalization of mind-altering drugs. Stempsey insists, Marijuana has been so effective in many cases that people have been willing to risk imprisonment in order to obtain this relief ...

Drama in the Little City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Drama in the Little City - Essay Example The card was almost maxed out and every time the interest rolled over, it added an extra $50 to the account balance. Chase and Tara were going to be parents soon. Tara was almost 9 months pregnant with their first child. Chase just wanted the pregnancy to go smoothly and for the baby to be healthy. Chase was worried because he himself had been born with a congenital heart defect. His Dad was currently dealing with CHF (chronic heart failure). One of the ventricles in his Dad’s heart pumped much weaker than the other, thus causing the problem. Chase was also preoccupied with the other things that were on his mind. He was wondering why he had all these financial difficulties. He worried that he and Tara might have to move into the basement of her parents’ house while their financial troubles subsided. Chase was working full-time as a history teacher at the local high school. Tara worked from home as a romance novelist. She really had a flair for it, too. But her advances on her books were getting smaller and smaller these days; a thousand here and a thousand there. But the bills kept piling up and it seemed like their incomes were getting smaller and smaller as well. Anyway, the money she brought in was minimal compared to what Chase was making at his full-time job—but still, Tara contributed to the household’s overall income so he considered that a bonus. Chase worried excessively about his job security in this bad economy. All of a sudden, the car swerved. The roads were icy this time of year, and Chase hadn’t put the chains on the tires yet since it was not technically â€Å"winter† in Colorado. In addition to this, it was imperative that Chase kept the SUV from turning over while it was spinning out. Luckily there were no other cars or trucks on the road at the time. Chase thought about Tara, the baby—his life flashed before his eyes. He was cursing himself mentally for not having put the chains on the tires now. Anyway, there was no damage to the car, and Chase hadn’t been injured—but the car was slightly in the ditch. By the time the police and the yellow angel tow truck had gotten there to the scene, Chase was a little shaken up. Unfortunately, the police couldn’t do much more at this point, but the police encouraged him to go to the hospital to get checked out just to make sure he was okay. He thought it was a lot of fuss, but he decided in the interest o f safety just to do what they said anyway. By the time he had driven himself to the hospital, at that point, the hospital staff took over. He thought they were all very nice but were perhaps being a little too overzealous. There was one nurse, in particular, Mary G., who insistently kept checking up on Chase in the waiting room. What was disturbing was that the hospital staff wanted Chase to have an MRI, even though this had been a relatively minor accident. â€Å"Excuse me†¦.is this Tara?† â€Å"Yes, I’m Tara Moss†¦Who’s calling, please?† â€Å"Mary Giacomo from Little Company of Our Sister of the Sacred Heart Hospital. It is about your husband.† â€Å"Oh my God, what happened? Is he alright?† â€Å"We’re running some tests now, but he basically walked away with barely a scratch. He seems just fine. His SUV just spun out and got into the ditch a little bit on the highway.† The nurse, Mary G., decided to take it upon herself to call Tara. Mrs. Moss got on the telephone with the nurse and mentioned that her water had just broken.